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在阅读理解题中,考查猜测文中词义的小题,一类题型为考查代词的具体指代关系,即逻辑推断这一类;另一类则是考查考生结合上下文线索,即具体语境推断生词的词义的能力,这类题所考查的多为名词或动词。这里提供七种猜测词义的方法供同学们参考。 一、利用构词法知识猜测词义。 1.区分前后缀。前后缀是加在一个词前后用来改变或增加原词词意的词或音节。通过认识它们能够有效地扩大词汇量。常见的表否定意义的前缀有:un-, dis-, mis-, im-, non-, in-等。如:unable, disappear, indirect, irregular, misunderstanding. 常见的后缀有名词性的-ment, -tion, -sion,-ship等.形容词性的-y ,-ful, -less, -ous, -able等。动词性的:-en, -fy等。 例: If the pollution of air and land and water is allowed to go on, the earth will be uninhabitable. 析:un- 为否定前缀,而-able 为“可……的”“值得……”等意义。结合具体的语境“如果容许空气……的污染继续下去的话”这一提示语,则可推断出uninhabitable意为“不要居住的”。 2.识别复合词复合词是由两个或两个以上的单词构成的词。把复合词正确地划分成单个构词成分,就会发现理解词汇的线索。 例: However, most of our ideas about the future are really very short-sighted. Perhaps we can see some possibilities for the next fifty years. But the next hundred? The next million? 析: short-sighted为一合成词,short意为“短的”,sight意为“视力,视野”,结合语境不难猜出该词含义为“目光短浅的”。 二、巧妙利用上下文和句子结构暗示的词义对比猜测词义 做时遇到生词是不可避免的事情。借助生词或短语所出现的上下文中的有关线索,识别出生词义。有时紧接着陌生单词或词组的是一个解释性的重复表达的句子,该句子同样会提供足够的信息以便推断出陌生词所表的意思。 例: Many people are workers and do their jobs well when they are not superintended, whereas others are lazy and work only when their employers are watching over them. 析: superintended一词从do their jobs well中表转折意义的词whereas及others are lazy……only when their employers are watching over them的对比中可推测出该词词义为“监督”之意,意同watch over。 例: Thousands of people got stuck in lifts ...But no one Panicked. 析:数千人困于电梯中,当然会造成惊慌局面,而But一词在此处表逻辑上的转折对比,所以没有人“惊慌” 能够体现对比关系的词汇常见的有表转折关系的but, while, on one hand... on the other, for one thing... for another, whereas, however, otherwise, after all等。 三、抓住重述词义的定语从句和信号词,推测词义 例: He was a prestidigitator who entertained child by pulling rabbits out of his hat, swallowing fire, and other similar tricks. 析: 由定语从句的pulling rabbits(从帽子里拖出兔子来),swallowing fire(吞下火)and other similar tricks(以及其他类似的把戏)很容易推断出prestidigitator的词义为“魔术量”。 四、通过因果关系推测词义 例: There, is sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn. 析: 兄妹二人呼吸忽急忽缓,且咳个不停,最终瘫倒在草坪上。因果关系的语境,通常由because, so that, so/such...that等边词体现。 五、利用熟词的新词性来猜测词义。 例: when men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life? 析: picture 常作名词,意为“图画”,而在此句中作动词。结合语境可猜测为“使脑海中出现图画”即“描绘”。 利用熟词的新词性来概括词义,关键应在理解原词的基础出上,分析它的新词性,并结合原词含义发挥合理想像,从而概括出它的新词义。 六、把握文意或行文逻辑,准确理解代词所指代的人或物 例 Either man will abolish(毁灭)war, or war will abolish man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological(细菌的)or chemical weapons may before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons our work will not be done . It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war . To do this, we need to persuade mankind to .... 析: To do this=To abolish war. 七、经验提示,即运用日常经验、历史知识、文化背景和医药科技术等常识推测词义 无任是基本词汇报提示还是下下文提示及信号词等都是来自语言本身的提示。但在实际阅读中,考生有时还要运用非语言知识提示即经验提示。考生借助这些非语言知识,力图去理解阅读中的生词,弄懂作者的意图。个人经验的差异往往会导致对词意的不同理解,有时甚致会产生误解。如果一个考生很熟悉电脑,他的电脑知识会帮助他去推测文中有关电脑的专业词汇,进而理解全文。 例: Apple trees may grow as tall as twelve meters. They do best in areas that have very cold winters. Although no fruit is yielded during the winter,this cold period is good for the tree. 析: 根据文中no fruit, during the winter, cold, good, for the tree等词与yielded的关联,并结合生活常——苹果冬天不结果,从而推测出yielded意为“结果”。 转载请注明来源于:免费教育资源网(http://ttshopping.net/) |
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