一、教学目的和要求

⒈单词和词组

ruler	L.49	四会
go on with the First World War  wouldwide right(n.)	L.50
peace
work out stick(vi.) stick to   ruler	L.51
course(n.)	L.52
communist professor	L.49	三会
scientific darkness shy content lead to discovery	L.50
cheque human right
prove bent respect leading sadness take sides(in)	L.51
fuel
advance advanced mathematics education	L.52
further education  technical
Albert Einstein  Alexander Bell	L.49	二会
the Nobel Prize  bookmark	L.50
Swiss Hitler Jew	L.51

⒉日常交际用语：

    Is it…?    No, it’s not him/her              Is he/she…?

Who is he/she?              What did he do?     It must be him/her

⒊语法：

    学习名词性从句作语的用法。

 

二、重点与难点分析

    Lesson  49

⒈I’m doing a word puzzle in this newspaper. 我正在猜报纸上的字谜。

puzzle意为“谜”，do a word puzzle or do a puzzle in words意为“猜字谜”。

这里的puzzle是名词，作“难题”，“难以解释的东西”讲。

例如：The murder case was a puzzle to the police. 这桩谋杀案对警察局来说是一个难题。

puzzle也可以作动词，意为“使人迷惑不解”。例如：

The murder case continued to puzzle the police.

这桩谋杀案仍使警察局迷惑不解。

⒉It must be him! 那肯定是他！

    情态动词must主要指“肯定”和“禁止”，前者用于肯定句，表示推测，后者用于否定句，表示禁止。例如：

    My father must be watching TV now.

    我爸爸现在肯定在看电视。

    She must be in the classroom.

    她肯定在教室里。

    You mustn’t smoke in public places.

    公共场所禁止吸烟。

    Lesson  50

⒈When he was a young boy he used to ask lots of questions…

   他小时候常常问许多问题…

    used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”

    be used to doing sth. 意为“习惯于做某事”

    be used to do sth. 意为“被用来干什么”

    例如：I used to drink coffee in the evening, but now I am used to drinking coffee in the morning.

           过去我常常晚上喝咖啡，但是现在我习惯于早上喝咖啡。

           Computers can be used to do a lot of work nowadays.

           如今计算机可用来做许多事。

⒉By the time he was fourteen years old, he had learned maths all by himself.

  到十四岁时，他已经自学了数学。

by与时间名词连用时表示“到某时为止”，“不迟于…(时间)”

当by后接将来时间时，句子时态用一般将来时或将来完成时；当by后接过去时间时，句子时态用过去完成时。当by后接现在时间时，句子时态用现在完成时。

    例如：

    My mother will be back by 5 o’clock this afternoon.

    今天下点五点以前我妈妈就回来了。

    We had learned 2000 English words by the end of last term.

    到上学期期末为止，我们已经学了2000个英语单词。

By the end of this century, China will have become a more powerful and beautiful country in the world.

到本世纪末，中国将成为世界上更强大更美丽的国家。

By now, several bridges have been built over the Changjiang River.

到目前为止，长江上已经建了好几座桥。

⒊He found it hard to get along with the other boys.

   他觉得很难与别的孩子相处。

在此句中，it为形容宾语，hard为宾语补足词，真正的宾语是不定式短语to get along with the other boys.

在一个含有复合宾语（即：宾语+宾补）的句子中，当宾语是不定式短语或从句时，由于不定式短语或从句较长，所以常使用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语置于句尾，以保持句子的平衡。例如：

I found it difficult to learn French well.

我觉得学好法语是很难的。

They kept it quiet that he was dead.

对于他的死他们保密。

⒋All through his life Einstein was content to spend most of this time alone, although he married twice and had lots of close friends.

   虽然爱因斯坦结过两次婚，而且有很多亲密的朋友，但是在整个一生中，他还是愿意独自度过他的大部分时光。

    content adj. 满足的；满意的；愿意的

    be content with sth. 对…感到满意

    be content to do sth. 愿意做某事

    She is content with her present job.

    她对目前的工作很满意。

    I am always content with very little.

    我总是很容易满足。

I shall be well content to do so.

我很愿意这样做。

⒌With the pay that he received and saved, he went on with his studies at university, where he received a doctor’s degree in 1905.

   他用自己挣来和积存的钱继续读大学，1905年在大学获得博士学位。

⑴此句是复合句。其中包含两个定语从句。

      a: that he received and saved修饰the pay

      b: where he received a doctor’s degree in 1905是非限定性定语从句，修饰university.

⑵receive意为“收到”，accept意为“接受”，二者的语义有别。例如：

       I received her invitation last week, but I didn’t accept it.

       上星期我收到她的请柬，但是我没有接受。

⑶a doctor’s degree       博士学位

       a master’s degree     硕士学位

       a bachelor’s degree  学士学位

       注意学位前的不定冠词

    receive/win/get a doctor’s degree/a master’s degree/a bachelor’s degree意为获得博士/硕士/学士学位

    Tom received a doctor’s degree in physics in Boston University last term.

    上学期汤姆在波士顿大学获得物理学博士学位。

⒍…he began the research and studies which led to his new discoveries in physics.

  …他开始了研究，这些研究使他在物理学方面有了新的发现。

⑴which led to his new discoveries in physics是限定性定语从句，修饰先行词组the research and studies

⑵lead to意为“引起”、“导致”、“造成”、“通向”

    The car accident led to many deaths.

    那次车祸使许多人丧生。

    There is only one path leading to the forest.

    只有一条小路通向森林。

    Hard work and proper ways will lead you to success.

勤奋的工作和正确的方法会使你成功。

⒎In 1933 Einstein and his family left Europe for the USA.

   1933年爱因斯坦和他的家人离开欧洲去美国。

leave for意为“动身到（某处）”介词“for”表示目标，去向。

My father left for Guangzhou two days ago.

我父亲两天前动身去广州了。

She left home for the railway station a few minutes ago.

几分钟前她离开家动身去火车站了。

⒏Einstein lived the rest of his life quietly in the USA.

   爱因斯坦在美国安静地度过了他的余生。

⑴此句中的live是及物动词，常用于live…a life结构。意为“过着”（某种）生活。

例如：live a happy life          过着幸福的生活

       live a hard life          过着艰苦的生活

           live a miserable life   过着悲惨的生活

           live a quiet life          过着宁静的生活

    They are used to living a quiet life in the country.

    他们习惯在农村过安静的生活。

    The children in the city are living a happy life.

城里的孩子们过着幸福愉快的生活。

⑵句中的rest意为“其余的（部分或人），其他的（部分或人）”，使用时须与the连用。

Pick out the good apples and throw away the rest.

挑出好苹果，将其余的扔掉。

Some of the boys climbed the hill, the rest played games.

有些男孩爬山，其他的男孩做游戏。

⒐Besides his work in physics, he spent a lot of time working for human rights and progress.

  除了在物理学方面的工作以外，他还花了大量的时间为人权和进步而工作。

注意besides和except的区别

    besides意为“除了…之外（还有），有肯定和附加的含义”

except意为“除了…之外（不包括本身在内），有否定和排除的含义。”

例如：

    Three girls went to the park besides Mary.

    除了玛丽外，还有三个女孩去了公园。（玛丽去了公园，另外三个女孩也去了公园。）

    All of us passed the maths exam besides Mike.

    除了迈克外，我们大家也通过了数学考试。（迈克及格了，我们大家也及格了。）

    All the girls went to the park except Mary.

    除了玛丽外，其他女孩都去了公园。（玛丽没去公园。）

    All of us passed the maths exam except Mike.

    除迈克外，我们大家都通过了数学考试。（迈克没通过）

⒑It was said that he found in music the peace which was missing in a world full of wars and killlings.

   据说他在音乐中找到了平静，这种平静在一个充满战争与杀戮的世界里是没有的。

⑴句中which was missing in a world full of wars and killings是限定性定语从句，修饰先行词the peace.

⑵full of意为“充满”。形容词短语full of…作定语，放在其所修饰的名词a world之后，a world full of wars and killings相当于a world which was full of wars and killings. 例如：

He brought us a basket full of vegetables. 他带给我们满满一蓝子蔬菜。

⒒Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20^th century’s greatest scientist.

      爱因斯坦就是这样一个人，一个质朴的人，一位二十世纪最伟大的科学家。

    此句是倒装句。句中的such是代词，作“这”或“这些”讲。谓语动词根据情况用单数或复数。例如：

    Such is my wish. 这就是我的愿望。

    Such were his words. 这就是他讲的话。

    Such is the answer to the question. 这就是问题的答案。

    Lesson  51

⒈But Einstein stuck to his opinion and went on with his research.

   但是爱因斯坦坚持自己的意见并继续研究。

⑴动词短语stick to意为“坚持（意见，看法等）”，其中to是介词，后跟名词或代词。例如：

No matter what you say, I will stick to my opinion.

不管你说什么，我会坚持我的观点。

I will stick to my work unitl it’s finished.

我会坚持干我的工作，直到完成它。

⑵stick(stuck, stuck)既可以作动词，也可以作名词。意为“贴，粘”，“卡住，陷在…里（无法移动）”、“手杖”例如：

The old woman can not walk without a walking stick.

这位老太太没有拐杖不能行走。

Don’t forget to stick a stamp on an envelope before you put it into the mail-box.

    把信投进信箱前别忘了在信封上贴上邮票。

    The car stuck in the mud.

    汽车陷入泥里了。

    The key has stuck in the lock.

    钥匙卡在锁里了。

⒉From that time on Einstein was greatly respected as the leading scientist of the century.

  从那时起，爱因斯坦备受尊敬，被公认为本世纪最杰出的科学家。

from that time on/from then on意为“从那时起”，常与过去时连用。

since that time/since then/ever since then意为“从那时起”，但与完成时连用。例如：

From then on he began to learn Russian.

从那时起，他开始学俄语。

Since then he has been writing poems.

从那时起，他一直在写诗。

⒊…as Switzerland did not take sides in the war. ……由于瑞士在大战中没有参加战争的任何一方。

    take sides with sb./take the side of sb. 同意某人，支持某人，和…站在一边。例如：

    Switzerland refused to take sides in world War II.

    瑞士在第二次世界大战中拒绝参加任何一方。

    He took sides with Mother against Father in the argument.

争论中他站在母亲一边反对父亲的意见。

⒋When Germany was ruled by Hitler in the early 1930s…….

   二十世纪三十年代初期希特勒统治德国的时候……

in the early 1930s也可以写成in the early 1930’s二十世纪三十年代初期

    in the middle 1990s        二十世纪九十年代中期

    in the late 1990s            二十世纪九十年代末期

⒌Grammer：Noun Clauses as the Subject

语法：名词性从句：主语从句

用作主语的从句叫主语从句，它是名词性从句这一。引导主语从句的连接词有：连词that,whether；连接代词who,what和which；连接副词when,where,how,why等等。例如：

What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.

    他所希望看到的是，全世界的一切军队全都消亡。

    What he has done has nothing to do with us.

    他所做的事情与我们无关。

    That there is life on another planet is almost impossible.

    在另一个星期上有生命几乎是不可能的。   

    Who killed the young man remains a question.

    谁杀死了这个年轻人仍然是一个问题。

    When we will hold the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.

    我们何时召开会议还没有决定。

    Whether we can control the floods is still uncertain.

    我们能否控制住洪手还不能肯定。

    Which team will win the football match is still unknown.

    哪支队会赢得足球赛还不知道。

Why he didn’t tell the truth wasn’t quite clear.

他为什么不说实话，还不清楚。

以上例句中的主语从句都是放在句首，但是，有时主语从句太长时，如果放在句首，会使句子显得笨重。因此，我们常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句挪到后面去。可用it作形式主语的主语从句常见结构有：

⒈It is+adj./n.+that-clause.

   It’s a pity that… 遗憾的是……

   It’s possible that… 可能是…….

⒉It is said/reported that……据说/据报道…

⒊It seems/happened that…似乎/碰巧……

    例如：It is possible that he misunderstood what I said.

           他可能误解了我说的话。

           It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods.

           据报道洪水过后很多人无家可归。

           It happened that I was free that day.

           碰巧那天我有空。

    whatever,whoever也可以引导主语从句。

    Whoever comes will be welcome. 无论谁来都会受到欢迎。

    Whatever she did was right.      不管她做什么都是对的。

 

三、同步测试

    （一）单项选择

⒈Don’t always ______ your own opinion.

   A.stick                    B. stick to              C. stick in              D. insist in

⒉His mistakes _____ his failure.

   A. led to                  B. led of                C. lead on              D. lead for

⒊The Second World War broke out in _____ when Einstein was in ______.

   A. the early 1940s; the USA                   B. 1937; Switzerland

   C. the late 1930s; the USA                            D. the thirties; France

⒋My sister ______ an invitation but she didn’t _____ it.

A. accepted; receive                             B. received; accepted

C. accepted; accept                              D. received; accept

⒌By the time I ______ the bus station, the bus _______.

A. got to/left                                        B. reached/has left 

C. arrived/has gone                               D. left/arrived

⒍_____ five years _____ the book about pollution.

A. It spent him/to finish                        B. It spent him/finishing

C. He spent/finishing                             D. He spent/to finish

⒎Facing this _____ problem, I found myself _____ about how to work it out.

   A. puzzled; puzzled                               B. puzzled; puzzling

   C. puzzling; puzzled                              D. puzzling; puzzling

⒏In the daytime the stars are not seen to twinkle ______.

   A. in a apace            B. in the space              C. in space            D. on space

⒐______, paper was first made in China.

   A. It is known to all                              B. We all know

   C. It is known that                               D. As it known to all

⒑______ we will go to the beach tomorrow depends on the weather.

   A. Why                   B. If                      C. Where               D. Whether

⒒Nobody knew _______.

   A. where he comes                               B. where he was from

   C. where he is from                              D. where does he come from

⒓Computers can only give out _____ has been stored in them.

   A. that                     B. which               C. what                 D. anything

⒔She wanted to know ______.

   A. whether I knew her and where did she work.

   B. if I knew her and the factory she worked there.

   C. whether I knew her and the factory she worked.

   D. if I know her and the factory where she worked.

⒕It doesn’t matter _____ I rest or not.

   A. if                 B. whether                    C. that                   D. when

⒖The trouble is ______ we are short of tools.

   A. what            B. that                          C. how                  D. which

⒗That is ______ there appears a rainbow in the sky.

   A. what            B. when                       C. why                  D. however

⒘The thought ______ he might fail in the final exam worried him.

   A. which          B. that                          C. when                D. /

⒙_____ I will accept the gift is none of your business.

   A. If                B. Whether                   C. What                D. Which

⒚_____ wants the book many have it.

   A. who             B. Whoever                  C. Anyone             D. The person

⒛The problem is _____ will go.

       A. that             B. that who                   C. who                  D. whoever

    （二）阅读理解

A

    In the year 2000, the world is going to have a population of about 8 billion(十亿). Most scientists agree that the most severe problem is food supply.

    Who is going to feed all those people? Where is the food going to come from? Are we going to have enough food? Are we going to produce more artificial(人选的) food?

    One way of improving the situation is for people to eat less meat. Why? Because it takes 4 kilos(公斤) of grain protein(蛋白质) to produce half a kilo of meat protein. Clearly, there is not going to be sufficient meat protein for 8 billion people. Gherefore, it will also necesssary to change eating habits because meat is the main part of many people’s food today.

    A possible solution to this latter problem is the soybean.(大豆) The soybean plant produces beans which have a very high fat and proteim content. Scientists can now make these look and taste like real meat. They can also make many other artificial products such as soybean milk, for example, which has a taste of milk and can be used in cooking in very much he same ways as cow’s milk. In fact, one woman in the United States fed her family only on soybeans for year! She gave them soybean beef, soybean chicken, soybean milk, and sometimes just soybeans. Possibly, we are all going to eat soybeans in the future and finally give up meat completely from our tables.

⒈What is the main subject of the passage?

   A. A solution to man’s food problem.

   B. A solution to the population problem.

   C. Advantages of soybean.

   D. How to develop good eating habits.

⒉According to the passage, meat will completely disappear in the future because _____.

   A. people have to spend too much time energy to produce it

   B. too much grain protein is needed to produce it

   C. it contains too much fat and protein

   D. it is no good to the health

⒊According to the passage, the main part of food that many people are eating today is ____.

   A. soybeans             B. grain          C. meat          D. milk

⒋In this passage, “artificial food” refers to food made from _____.

   A. milk                    B. grain          C. protein              D. soybeans

⒌Soybean meat is similar to real meat _____.

       A. in appearance but not in taste.

       B. neither in appearance nor in taste.

       C. both in appearance and in taste.

       D. in taste, but not in appearance.

B

    It is true that times are changing for the old people in Brtain. But not all the changes are bad ones. Modern medicine, for example, has made old people healthier than ever before. Aother advantage is that there are many more old people than there used to be. This means that old people often have a good social life with their own clubs and organizations. Old people, too, have more money now than their own parents and grandparents had.

    The biggest disadvantage of modem life is loneliness. The young leave home when they grow up and many old people live alone. Fewer old people have brothers and sisters. An old person’s one or two children may have moved to another part of the country.

    Even when they live nearby, the young people have their own work to do and their own children to look after. They have not much time for the old. Problems of loneliness often start when people stop work. When people retire they often find it difficult to start a new life without their jobs.

    The world has changed so fast since 1900 that it is difficult for old people to understand the problems of the young. And the world is changing even faster these days than it was fifty years ago. It makes you thing, doesn’t it? What will it be like when today’s young people are old?

⒈To the old people, the changes in society are ______. 

   A. better than they expected

   B. not as good as they wish

   C. both good and bad

   D. difficult to understand

⒉According to this passage, the old people today ______.

   A. often go to clubs with their brothers and sisters

   B. prefer lonely life to social life

   C. live more happily than their parents and grandparents

   D. like to share their feelings and thoughts with other people

⒊Although some old people live near their sons or daughters, ______.

   A. they still feel lonely

   B. they want to move to other places

   C. they have no time to look after the young people’s children

   D. they like to live with their own brothers and sisters

⒋In the last century, old people did not have so many problems because ______.

   A. they had big families

   B. they lived with their children

   C. the young were king to the old

   D. the society didn’t change so rapidly

⒌What is the main idea of this passage?

       A. Modern society only belongs to the young.

       B. Modern life has brought new problems to the old.

       C. Today’s young people are happier than their parents.

       D. It is necessary to take better care of the old people.

 

    同步测试参考答案：

（一）⒈B；⒉A；⒊C；⒋D；⒌B；⒍C；⒎C；⒏C；⒐D；⒑D；

      ⒒B；⒓C；⒔D；⒕B；⒖B；⒗C；⒘B；⒙B；⒚B；⒛C

（二）A：⒈A；⒉B；⒊C；⒋D；⒌C

       B：⒈C；⒉D；⒊A；⒋D；⒌B