“The poor ye have with ye always.”
“We are the people of the United States, in order to… promote the general welfare.”
One of the nation’s most persistent and obstinate problem is poverty. Public- and private- sector endeavors notwithstanding, millions of Americans are impoverished. In this dissertation, I will examine
By many standards the
As
As we shall see, how we view and treat poverty has also changed. Again and again new approaches to poverty have been adopted and for the first time state and local government will bear great responsibility for finding— and funding—solutions to the ever-present dilemma of poverty. Whether new approaches to poverty prove more effective than earlier attempts unclear, but it is unlikely that poverty and its roots will go away any time soon. Poverty, after all, is a constant in
1.1 Defining Poverty
First of all, we must address the more basic question: what is poverty and the scope of poverty in
Poverty can be defined in absolute or relative terms. Absolute definitions of poverty prescribe minimal levels of income, nutrition, shelter, and so on necessary to sustain an acceptable standard of living. Individuals or families who fall below the standards are deemed poor. Poverty can also be a relative condition, relative to others in society. Relative definitions of poverty are useful for understanding the inequalities among groups and individuals in society, including the richest and poorest Americans, and racial and gender groups.
Federal officials typically rely on an absolute definition. To determine the official poverty line (the point below which individuals are defined as poor), the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) officials first estimate the cost of a “thrifty food budget” for families of various sixes based on U.S. Department of Agriculture standards for a minimally adequate diet. Until 1986, the poverty line was calculated by multiplying the food budget by three. This was based on a 1955 survey indicating that, on average, poor families spent a third of their incomes on food. In 1986, the multiplier was changed to 3.4, reflecting increases in the cost of living.
The use of “thrifty food budget” generates additional criticism, particularly from the left. Advocates for the poor argue that the poverty level underestimates the number of people in poverty because it relies on census data, which fail to count millions of the destitute and transients. They contend that the food budget is simply too low to provide sufficient nutrition. Others insist that the poverty line overestimate the number of poor people because low- income people are eligible for non-cash benefits such as food stamps and Medicaid, which improve their living standard.
1.2 Who and How Many?
As we are clear about, defining poverty is both subjective and controversial. Yet no matter how poverty is defined, a substantial proportion of Americans are poor and have been throughout
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