副词与其同源副词的用法比较

英语中有一些表示方式、 程度的副词具有两种形式。 如late,lately;high,highly;slow,showly等 等。在这些词当中,两种不同形式所表达的含义有的完全不同,有的很相似,而有的却完全一致。这就给人们 使用这些词时带来一定的麻烦。特别是在学生中间,总免不了使用时的混淆。笔者想就此问题分类作一点探讨 。
(一)本类词有hard,hardly;late,lately;most,mostly等等,这两种副词形式含义完全不同,所以 ,使用时不易引起混淆。
1.He works hard all day.他整天都在使劲地干活。
He hardly works at all.他很少干活。
2.You have come too late.你来得太晚了。
Have you see him lately?你最近见到过他吗?
3.The person who talks most is often the one who doesleast.说得最多的人常常干得最少。
The audience consisted mostly of women.观众大部分是女的。
4.The next flight dose not go direct to Tokyo; it goes byway of Shanghai.下趟航班不直飞东京 ,而是绕道上海。
He will be here directly.他马上就来。
5.The rider pulled his horse up short.骑手突然一下把马勒住。
Make a right turn shortly beyond the village. 村前不远处往右拐。
6.Please stand clear of the gate.请不要站在门前。
He stated his view-point clealy.他很清楚明白地阐述了自己的观点。
7.The exam was pretty difficult.这次考试相当难。
Her little girls are always prettily dressed.她的小女孩穿着总是很漂亮。
(二)这类词主要有wide,widely;close, closely ;high,highly等等,这两种副词形式不同,含义 也有差别,但是没有第一类的区别明显,而且翻译成汉语时用词也很接近。所以使用时很容易混淆。这类词含 义及用法上的主要特点是:不带-ly的副词表示具体的行为和动作,说明的动作或状况有可测量性和可见性;而 以-ly结尾的同源副词所表达的常常是抽象性的行为和状况。这时,这些词大都具有“greatly”和“extremel y”的含义。试作如下比较:
1.Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看见那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飞舞 着?
The distinguished guests were highly praised.贵宾们受到了高度赞扬。
2.He flung the door wide open.他猛地把门开得大大的。
We were widely different on many questions.我们在许多问题上分歧很大。
3.You will have to pay dear for that telescope.买那个望远镜你得付很高的价钱。
You will pay dearly for the insult. 对这样的侮辱你将付出高昂的代价。
4.She stood close against the wall.她紧挨着墙站着。
The police were watching him closely.警察在密切监视他。
5.The bird is now flying quite low.鸟儿现在飞得非常低。
He bowed lowly before the queen.他谦恭地给女王鞠了一躬。
6.They had to dig deep to reach water.他们挖得很深才挖到水。
You have offended him deeply.你冒犯他可不轻。
7.Grace is holding tight to Paul.格雷斯紧紧地搂抱着保罗。
The passengers were packed tightly in the train.火车车箱里挤满了乘客。
8.Mr. Cole tends to speak rather loud.科尔先生说话声音总是很大。
Mr. Cole boasted loudly of his power. 科尔先生大肆夸耀自己的权力。
(三)这类词主要有slow,slowly;quick,quickly等等异形同义词。当然,现代英语的语言规范性要求 用以-ly 结尾的副词来修饰动词,但由于句子结构以及搭配的不同,使用时也具有不同的倾向性。在此,主要 探讨一下在什么情况下常使用不带-ly的副词形式。同时, 把第二类中一些适应于下列规则的词也包括进去。 总的说来,倾向于使用不带-ly副词形式的情况大致有下列四种:
Ⅰ 用作比较级或最高级时:
1.Allen was walking quickly, but George was walking evenquicker.艾伦走得很快,但乔治走得更快 。
2.The men were quarreling loudly, but the policemenshouted louder.那些人在大声争吵着,但 是警察喊叫得更响。
3.The car went slower and slower until it came to a stand still.汽车走得越来越慢,最后停了下 来。
4.Let's see who can run quickest.我们来看看谁跑得最快。
5.We must look closer at the problem. 我们必须更加仔细地查看这一问题。
Ⅱ 有“so”或“too”修饰时:
1.It all happened so quick that I could do nothing. 这一切发生得如此之快以致于我手足无措无法 对付了。
2.It is impossible to overtake him; your car goes tooslow.不可能赶上他了,你的车太慢了。
3.Don't talk so loud; the child is in bed now.别这样大声说话,孩子已经睡了。
Ⅲ 用于修饰表示移动、天气等常用动词时:
188e quick; we are waiting for you. 快来,我们在等你。
2.Drive slow; this part of the road is dangerous.车开慢一点,这段路很危险。
3.The sun shines bright.阳光明媚。
4.When we left the shelter, the snow was falling thickand the wind was blowing cold.我们 离开那棚屋时,正下着大雪,刮着寒风。
5.Business is going strong.生意兴隆。
Ⅳ 在固定词组中或当用于修饰它经常固定搭配的动词时:
1.Take it easy.不要紧张。
2.Stand firm and hold it tight.站稳抓牢。
3.He often plays high.他赌注常下得很大。
4.The secretary copied the rough draft of her manager outfair.秘书把经理那份粗潦的草稿很清 楚地誊写出来。
5.They were drinking deep in the fort deep into the night.他们在城堡中痛饮到深夜。
通过观察,以上三类词中第一类较易区别、掌握和使用。对于后两类词,在判别使用哪一种副词形式时一 般可以考虑以下几个原则:第一是具体性与抽象性的原则。在表示实实在在的物体活动、位置移动或具体可见 的状况和变化时,常使用不带-ly

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